Parts of speech are a way to describe the functions of words in English language.
Table of Contents
There are 8 parts of speech.
A noun is a word that is used for some person, place, thing, state, idea or action. They are of different kinds.
There are six types of nouns:
The name of a particular person, place or thing is called proper noun e.g. Gujranwala, Mount Everest, The United States, Keats, Shakespeare, etc.
The name of a common person, place or thing is called common noun e.g, pen, book, man, garden, chair, table, church, etc.
A noun that denotes some quality, state, idea or action is called abstract noun. Friendship, music hatred, love, ugliness, truth, death, sobriety, pride, bravery, growth, belief, wisdom, beauty, etc.
A noun that denotes the matter or substance of which things are made is called material noun e.g, wheat, rice, curd, milk, wood, etc.
The name of a group of things of beings or things is called collective noun e.g, public, people gentry, poultry, team, police, class, etc.
When two or more than two words join together, they are called compound nouns e.g, lady-doctor, step-brother, class-fellow, chair-person, etc.
Fill in the blanks with right name of the noun
1. The plural of a noun is usually formed by adding, S as Book, Books, Girl, Girls, Toy, Toys, Boys, Boys, Chair, Chairs; Table, Tables, Pen, Pens, etc.
2. Words ending ch or sh, are made plurals by adding es, as church, churches, bench, benches; dish, dishes.
3. Words ending in-Y (if there is a consonant immediately before Y) Y is changed into i and es is added as Family, Families; Century, Centuries; Story, Stories; Body, Bodies; City, Cities, etc.
4. Words ending in F or FE most of these change F to V and add as Leaf, Leaves; Wife, Wives; Calf, Calves; Thief, Thieves; Hence following nouns ending in F or Fe take S after them to form their plurals. Safe, Grief, Chief, Roof, Hoof, Cliff, Dwarf.
5. Words ending in O take es after them to form their plurals, like Mango, Mangoes; Hero, Heroes; Innuendo, Innuendoes; Volcano, Volcanoes; Tomato, Tomatoes, Hence photo, Kilo, Piano, Gratto, Dynamo, Folio, Take, only S to become plural.
6. Words ending in is usually change is to es as Basis, Bases; Thesis, Theses; Synopsis, Synopses; Synthesis, Syntheses, etc.
7. Words ending in X are required es to make plurals as Box, Boxes; Tax, Taxes; etc.
8. Words end at S or SS are required es to make plurals as Bus, Buses; Ass, Asses; Glass, Glasses; Mass, Masses.
9. The following nouns have the same form in both numbers, Sheep, Fish, Trout, Swine, Heathen, Deer, Salmon, etc.
10. News, hair are plural nouns but they take a singular verb, as His hair is white. What is the latest news?
11. The following words have no plurals and are always used in a singular sense. Permission, Music, Pity, Scenery, Information, Machinery, Knowledge, Silver, Gold, Progress, Leisure.
12. These nouns are used as the plural in sense, Though look singular, Cattle, Gentry, Public, People, Police, Poultry.
13. These nouns are used as singular though look Plural, Innings, Physics, Statistics, Summons, Gallows, Politics, Mathematics.
14. These words may be made plural as:
Advice Pieces of advice
Abuse Words of abuse
Mischief Acts of mischief
15. These words are used as given (in either sense) Mustaches, Spectacles, Tongs, Trousers.
16. Words clothes are always used in plurals sense.
17. Wages are plural in a sense payment for work (also used sing. That is paid for services).
18. Some nouns are exempted from these rules.
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
Tooth | Teeth | Formula | Formulas |
Foot | Feet | Larva | Larvae |
Man | Men | Bacterium | Bacteria |
Woman | Women | OX | Oxen |
Child | Children | Stratum | Strata |
Goose | Geese | Testator | Testatrix |
Mouse | Mice | Medium | Media/Mediums |
Genus | Genera | Ovum | Ova |
Louse | Lice | Bureau | Bureaux |
Beau | Beaux | Curriculum | Curricula |
Pupa | Pupae | Memorandum | Memoranda |
Criterion | Criteria | Syllabus | Syllabi, Syllabuses |
Erratum | Errata | Datum | Data |
Make Plural From The Followimg NOUNS
Page, OX, Medium, Foot, Mass, Class, Witch, Inch, Wish, Story, Category, Century, Chief, Thief, Buffalo, Potato, Crisis, Halo, Loaf, Half, Box, Class, Cliff, Grief, Sky, Wolf, Bacterium, Datum, Clergy, Photo, Table, Word, Safe, Louse, Formula, Syllabus, Class-fellow, Brother-in-law, Sash; Ditch, Branch, Bench, Business, Spy, Library, Penny.
A pronoun is a word that is used in the place of a noun or noun phrase.
They may be grouped into three categories.
1.Nominative (Subjective)
2. Possessive (Genitive)
3. Objective (Passive) (Accusative)
I | II | III |
Nominative | Possessive (Genitive) | Objective (Passive) (Accusative) |
I | My, mine | Me |
We | Our, ours | Us |
You | Yours, you | You |
She | Her, hers | Her |
It | Its | It |
They | Their, theirs | Them |
He | His | Him |
This is her book. | This is hers. |
These are my pencils. | These are mine. |
That is your bag. | That is yours. |
That is our box. | That is ours. |
It is my dog. | It is mine. |
These are their books. | These are theirs. |
Those are your toys. | Those are yours. |
These are used to relate a noun or a sub-clause to the main clause and serve as conjunctions, e.g.
Who, Whom used for person or persons.
Whose, That used for persons or things.
Which used for animals or things.
What, But, As are also relative pronouns.
Complete these sentences with relative pronouns.
The demonstrative pronoun points towards the noun it replaces, indicating it in time, space, and distance. They are This, That, These, and Those.
For example
I. Use This or These
II. Use That or Those
Verb is a word that denotes an action or activity of a person or thing. They are of three classes.
A transitive verb requires an object to complete its meaning.
An intransitive verb expresses a state or action which affects the subject only.
The word which plays the role of linking or helping in a sentence is called helping verb.
It includes: Is, am, are, was, were, had, has, have, can, could, would, should, may, might, ought, will, shall, must.
Every verb has three forms. The first form is called infinitive, the second form is called preterite and the third form is called past participle. Hence, present participle (ing form) is also accepted as one of the form of the verb.
In most cases, ed is put to make the past of a verb. Hence, there are many irregular verbs. A list of these verbs is as.
PRESENT | PAST | PAST PARTICIPLE |
Bring | Brought | Brought |
Build | Built | Built |
Buy | Bought | Bought |
Choose | Chose | Chosen |
Drink | Drank | Drunk |
Eat | Ate | Eaten |
Feel | Felt | Felt |
Find | Found | Found |
Fly | Flew | Flown |
Give | Gave | Given |
Forgive | Forgave | Forgiven |
Hear | Heard | Heard |
Know | Knew | Known |
Leave | Left | Left |
Ride | Rode | Ridden |
Say | Said | Said |
Ring | Rang | Rung |
Sleep | Slept | Slept |
Take | Took | Taken |
Teach | Taught | Taught |
Tell | Told | Told |
Wear | Wore | Worn |
Write | Wrote | Written |
Begin | Began | Begun |
Blow | Blew | Blown |
Break | Broke | Broken |
Fall | Fell | Fallen |
Get | Got | Got |
Hide | Hid | Hidden |
Hold | Held | Held |
Lead | Led | Led |
Lend | Lent | Lent |
Win | Won | Won |
Has, have | Had | Had |
Lose | Lost | Lost |
Make | Made | Made |
Mean | Meant | Meant |
Meet | Met | Met |
Pay | Paid | Paid |
Run | Ran | Run |
Do | Did | Done |
Feed | Fed | Fed |
Sit | Sat | Sat |
Think | Thought | Thought |
Throw | Threw | Thrown |
Understand | Understood | Understood |
Steal | Stole | Stolen |
Catch | Caught | Caught |
Write | Wrote | Written |
Tear | Tore | Torn |
Slide | Slid | Slid |
Come | Came | Come |
Tell | Told | Told |
Spin | Spun | Spun |
See | Saw | Seen |
Lay | Laid | Laid |
Lie | Lay | Lain |
Spellings of some verbs remain the same in three forms as:-
Cut, put, spread, quit, fit,let, hurt, bet, shut, cast. Verb ending in Y if there is a consonant before y, y is replaced by ied in second and third form as.
Marry | Married | Married |
Carry | Carried | Carried |
Bury | Buried | Buried |
Try | Tried | Tried |
Cry | Cried | Cried |
Fry | Fried | Fried |
Adjective is a word used for qualifying the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
There are two types of adjective especially mentionable.
When an adjective states the kind of the noun it qualifies, it is said to be an adjective of quality. For example; Tall boy, Beautiful girl, Black cat, Good student, and Bad man, etc.
When an adjective states the number or quantity of noun it is called an adjective of quantity .eg, how many, how much, third group, first meeting, last chance, and many girls, etc.
There are three degrees of an adjective.
It simply expresses quality as Week, Poor, Dark, Bright, Coward, and Pretty, etc.
It is used to compare a thing or person with another; as, More, Poorer, Wiser, Higher, and taller, etc. Than is used with a second degree of an adjective.
It is used when a person or thing is superior to all others in a particular quality as, Poorest, Best, Most, Darkest, Smallest, Richest, and Latest, etc. The is used before the superlative degree of an adjective. Of is used after the superlative degree of an adjective.
The general rule to make a comparative degree and superlative degree, we put er or est with the positive degree of an adjective. However, here are some irregular adjectives exempted from the above-mentioned rules. They are:
Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
Good | Better | Best |
Bad | Worse | Worst |
Far | Farther | Farthest |
Much / many | More | Most |
Little | Less | Least |
In case of other adjectives more and most are used before them for making comparative and superlative degree. As,
“Difficult: more difficult; most difficult”, “Beautiful; more beautiful; most beautiful”. To is used with inferior, superior, junior, senior, prior, and elder, etc.
An adverb is a word used for qualifying the meaning of verb, adjective or other adverb. According to their meaning, they can be grouped in the following categories.
It indicates how the action takes place. As;
It indicates where the action takes place. As;
It denotes when the action takes place.
In a normal sentence, the adverb manner comes first; it is followed by the adverb of place and then comes the adverb of time; as “Sabiha stood first in the annual examination last year”.
Here is a list of adverbs. Fill in the blanks with these given adverbs.
Clearly, recently, surely, sweetly, already, just, yet, happily, strangely, where, somewhere, immediately, luckily, quickly, apparently, certainly, proudly, slowly, comfortably, soundly, easily, fluently, elegantly, warmly, presently, suddenly, bravely, and rightly, etc.
1- Please speak _________________ .
2- I am _________________ going there today.
3- The air smells _________________ .
4- They have _________________ gone there.
5- He has not finished his work _________________ .
6- He has __________ joined this college.
7- I have _________________ shut the door.
8- Shahid has _________________ taken one cup of tea.
9- He has not _________________ completed his work.
10- He accepted my offer _________________ .
11- They sang _________________ .
12- Your story seems _________________ .
13- I went to the village _________________ I was born.
14- He kept his purse _________________ .
15- I can read quite _________________ .
16- _________________ I have passed the examination.
17- _________________ he is in the wrong.
18- He is sitting _________________ in the chair.
19- I drive my car _________________ .
20- He is sleeping _________________ .
21- I can drive _______________.
22- she can speak English _________________ .
23- She dresses _________________ .
24- Did we receive our leader _________________ ?
25- Type this letter _________________ .
26- The dog was beaten _________________ .
27- He solves the question _________________ .
28- _________________ he is coming _________________ .
29- He disappears _________________ .
30- They fought _________________ .
A preposition is a word used before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation with another person or thing. Examples on, in, of, off, up, into, over, under, after, about, against, below, at, with, to, by, for, since, from, upon, through, along, and above, over.
Some Solved Examples
He is ashamed of his behavior. 2. He is looking for his book. 3. Mr. Riaz is very popular with his students. 4. The patient is being operated upon. 5. They were running after a thief. 6. He is hidden behind a tree. 7. Divide these mangoes among all the boys. 8. Divide these apples between two brothers. 9. Open your book on page ten. 10. He writes in red ink. 11. I congratulated her on her success. 12. He does not care for anyone. 13. Always keep to the left. 14. Sidra works according to the time table. 15. I am thankful to you. 16. He will take revenge on you. 17. Hard work is the key to success. 18. You should not be indifferent to your studies. 19. Who will succeed to him? 20. I introduced him to my friends. 21. Is there no remedy for this disease? 22. Solve this sum within ten minutes. 23. She looks after her children. 24. He has no control over his feelings. 25. Saif lives at Sultan Pura in Gujranwala.
Fill in the blanks with a suitable preposition:
You will succeed if you act _________________ my advice. 2. I am short _________________ money these days. 3. This cloth is inferior _________________ that. 4. _________________ God, we trust. 5. I shall receive my father _________________ the station. 6. The principal accepted _________________ my request _________________ leave. 7. His health is improving day _________________ day. 8. He has escaped _________________ the jail. 9. He has no taste _________________ games. 10. He is walking _________________ the road. 11. Smoking is injurious _________________ health. 12. He is not eligible _________________ this post. 13. She is adept ________ English. 14. He was informed _________________ his result.
It is a word used for the joining one sentence to another. These words are used as Conjunction; and, but, or for, nor, yet, though, as before, since, if, while, unless, until, as soon as, as long as, etc.
Some conjunctions are used in pairs. They are also called Correlative Conjunctions. Some are called sub-ordinate conjunctions and some are called co-ordinate conjunctions.
They are generally used together.
They help to link or connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.
They are; that, who, which, when, where, why, how, whenever, while, unless, whoever, if, and because. They make complex sentence.
They help to link equal parts of a sentence including phrases and clauses.
They are; and, but, or, yet, and nor. They make compound sentences.
Complete these sentences with suitable conjunctions.
They are: why, when, where, which, what, how, many, how much, who, whose, and whom, etc.
Complete these sentences with the help of these question words.
It is two types
Definite Article: The is a definite article and used in these cases.
A or an is an indefinite article. It generalizes a noun.
Fill in the blanks with the, a or an
Correct these sentences.
Complete with the, a, and an.
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